ABSTRACT Health Care Associated Infections (HAS), Foodborne Illness and zoonoses generate high costs for public health. A simple and inexpensive measure, and with evidence of its effectiveness in their prevention is handwashing, a protocol established by the World Health Organization (WHO), that is taught in professional training programs to students of human and animal health, as well as those who process food. The aim of this descriptive and cross-sectional study was to evaluate handwashing by bioluminescence in students during their performance in practice centres, as well as their knowledge and attitude towards handwashing, by a survey involving 45 students from the Gastronomy, Nursing and Veterinary Medicine in their last cycle of academic training of a private higher education institution (Concepción, Chile). The students showed an adequate knowledge of handwashing (90%), but a bad attitude towards it (70% of favourable responses). Students gave greater importance to handwashing when they are observed, evaluated or when their classmates do it, showing a lack of awareness regarding the importance of doing it. The bioluminescence test indicated a significant reduction between before and after handwashing, from 2951±40 URL vs. 400.7±73 URL, respectively (p<0.0001), without significant differences between the careers. The measurement of ATP by bioluminescence is a simple and rapid method to evaluate the effectiveness of handwashing, being a tool that can be incorporated into disciplinary training in careers directly related to humananimal health.

RESUMEN Las Infecciones Asociadas a Atención en Salud (IAAS), las Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos (ETAS) y las zoonosis generan altos costos a la salud pública. Una medida sencilla y económica, y con evidencia de su efectividad para prevenirlas es el lavado de manos, protocolo establecido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), práctica que se enseña en los programas de formación profesional a estudiantes de la salud humana y animal, así como a quienes procesan alimentos. El objetivo de este estudio descriptivo y transversal fue evaluar el lavado de manos mediante bioluminiscencia en estudiantes durante su desempeño en los centros de práctica, así como su conocimiento y actitud hacia el lavado de mano, mediante una encuesta a 45 estudiantes de las carreras de Gastronomía, Enfermería y Medicina Veterinaria en su último ciclo de formación académica de una institución de Educación Superior Privada (Concepción, Chile). Los estudiantes presentan un adecuado conocimiento sobre el lavado de mano (90%), pero una mala actitud frente a este (70% de respuestas favorables). Los estudiantes le dan mayor relevancia al lavado de mano cuando son observados, evaluados o cuando sus compañeros lo realizan, mostrando una falta de conciencia respecto a la importancia de realizarlo. La prueba de bioluminiscencia indicó una reducción significativa entre antes y después del lavado de mano, de 2951±40 URL vs. 400.7±73 URL, respectivamente (p<0.0001), sin diferencias significativas entre las carreras. La medición de ATP mediante bioluminiscencia es un método sencillo y rápido para evaluar la eficacia del lavado de mano, siendo una herramienta que puede incorporarse dentro de la formación disciplinar en carreras directamente relacionadas con la salud humana-animal.

Resumo O Biguá Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) é amplamente distribuído na América Central e na do Sul. No Chile, as informações sobre parasitos para essa espécie são limitadas a helmintos e nematoides, e pouco se sabe sobre outros grupos de parasitos. Este estudo documenta a fauna parasitária presente em 80 biguás coletados de 2001 a 2008, nas regiões de Antofagasta, Biobío e Ñuble. As aves foram inspecionadas externamente em busca de ectoparasitas; adicionalmente, foram realizadas necropsias para examinar os órgãos digestivos e respiratórios em busca de endoparasitos. Os ectoparasitos coletados foram limpos e montados para identificação ao microscópio. As amostras de fezes também foram avaliadas para determinar a presença de parasitos protozoários, empregando-se uma técnica de flutuação. Um total de 44 (42,5%) aves estavam infectadas com pelo menos um ectoparasito, enquanto 77 (96,25%) estavam portando endoparasito. Nenhuma forma de protozoário foi encontrada após o exame. As espécies de endoparasitos mais prevalentes encontradas foram Contracaecum rudolphii (72/80, 90%), Pectinopygus gyroceras (33/80, 41.25%) e Profilicollis altmani (26/80, 32.5%). Este é o primeiro registro de P. altmani, Baruscapillaria carbonis, Avioserpens sp., Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma) phenisci e Eidmaniella pelucida no biguá. Esses resultados também expandem a distribuição de Andracantha phalacrocoracis, Paradilepis caballeroi, Ascocotyle felippei, Hysteromorpha triloba e P. gyroceras no Chile.

Abstract The Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) is widely distributed in Central and South America. In Chile, information about parasites for this species is limited to helminths and nematodes, and little is known about other parasite groups. This study documents the parasitic fauna present in 80 Neotropic cormorants’ carcasses collected from 2001 to 2008 in Antofagasta, Biobío, and Ñuble regions. Birds were externally inspected for ectoparasites and necropsies were performed to examine digestive and respiratory organs in search of endoparasites. Ectoparasites collected were cleared and mounted for identification under a microscope. Fecal samples were also evaluated to determine the presence of protozoan parasites employing a flotation technique. A total of 44 (42.5%) of birds were infested with at least one ectoparasite species, while 77 (96.25%) were carrying endoparasites. No protozoan forms were found after examination. Most prevalent endoparasite species found were Contracaecum rudolphii s. l. (72/80, 90%), followed by Pectinopygus gyroceras (33/80, 41.25%), and Profilicollis altmani (26/80, 32.5%). This is the first report of P. altmani, Baruscapillaria carbonis, Avioserpens sp., Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma) phenisci, and Eidmaniella pelucida in the Neotropic cormorant. These findings also expand the distributional range of Andracantha phalacrocoracis, Paradilepis caballeroi, Hysteromorpha triloba, and P. gyroceras to Chile.

Resumo Existem escassos estudos de parasitismo em gaivota-de-Franklin Leucophaeus pipixcan, e o conhecimento sobre seus endoparasitas é ainda mais limitado. Com o objetivo de descrever sua comunidade parasitaria, um total de 60 gaivotas-de-Franklin foram capturadas usando-se armadilhas Bal-chatri numa zona costeira do centro do Chile. A pesquisa de ectoparasitas foi realizada em todos os indivíduos capturados e, para os endoparasitas, foram examinados 30 deles por necropsias. A prevalência de ectoparasitas foi de 78,3%, incluíndo o ácaro de pena Zachvatkinia larica (43,3%) e outras quatro espécies de piolhos, Actornithophilus piceus lari (15,0%), Austromenopon transversum (6,7%), Quadraceps punctatus (10,0%) e Saemundssonia lari (46,7%). Das aves necropsiadas, 83,3% estavam parasitadas por helmintos, sendo registrados Aporchis sp. (6,7%), Tetrabothrius cylindraceus (56,7%), Cyclophyllidea gen. sp. (3,3%), Profilicollis altmani (56,7%), Eucoleus contortus (10,0%), Cosmocephalus obvelatus (13,3%), Paracuaria adunca (10,0%), Stegophorus sp. (3,3%) e Tetrameres skrjabini (3,3%). Com exceção de P. altmani, este é o primeiro relato desses helmintos parasitando gaivotas-de-Franklin.

Abstract Parasitological studies of the Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan, are scarce, and knowledge about its endoparasites is quite limited. In order to describe its parasitic community, a total of 60 Franklin’s gulls were captured in the coastal area in central Chile, using modified Bal-chatri traps. Ectoparasites were collected from all 60 live individuals through inspection of their plumage, while 30 were examined for endoparasites by standard parasitological necropsy. The prevalence of ectoparasites was 78.3%, including the feather mite Zachvatkinia larica (43.3%) and four species of lice: Actornithophilus piceus lari (15.0%), Austromenopon transversum (6.7%), Quadraceps punctatus (10.0%) and Saemundssonia lari (46.7%). Some 25 of 30 (83.3%) of birds necropsied were parasitized with the following helminths: Aporchis sp. (6.7%), Tetrabothrius cylindraceus (56.7%), Cyclophyllidea gen. sp. (3.3%), Profilicollis altmani (56.7%), Eucoleus contortus (10.0%), Cosmocephalus obvelatus (13.3%), Paracuaria adunca (10.0%), Stegophorus sp. (3.3%) and Tetrameres skrjabini (3.3%). To our knowledge, with the exception of P. altmani, these helminths are reported for first time in the Franklin's gull.

Resumo Estudos comparativos de parasitas em espécies de aves simpátricas são escassos. A infecção/transmissão de parasitas pode acontecer de diversas maneiras, incluindo possível transmissão direta, indireta ou horizontal entre as aves hospedeiras. Com o objetivo de determinar se dois icterídeos simpátricos do centro e sul do Chile compartilham a sua fauna parasitária (ecto- e endoparasitas), foram examinados os parasitas de 27 chupins Molothrus bonariensis e 28 pássaros-pretos-austral Curaeus curaeus, incluindo indivíduos capturados com rede de neblina e em carcaças. Nos chupins analisados, foram encontrados os piolhos de penas Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, os ácaros Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (espécie 1 e 2), e os helmintos Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta e Tetrameres paucispina. Em contraste, os pássaros-pretos-austral estavam infectados com os piolhos Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, os ácaros Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., e os helmintos Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. e M. papillosus. Adicionalmente, um espécime de pássaro-preto-austral estava parasitado pela pulga Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus. A única espécie de parasita que foi encontrada nas duas espécies de aves foi o acantocéfalo M. papillosus, possivelmente devido ao fato de que ambas as aves se alimentam dos insetos que são os hospedeiros intermediários deste parasita. Exceto os registros de B. bonariensis e Philopterus sp. 1 encontrados no chupim, todas as espécies reportadas neste estudo correspondem à novas associações de parasita/hospedeiro e novos registros para a diversidade parasitológica do Chile.

Abstract Comparative studies of parasites in sympatric bird species have been generally scarce. Parasitic infection/transmission can be spread in a number of ways that suggests possible direct and indirect, horizontal transmission between avian hosts. In order to determine whether two sympatric icterids from Central and Southern Chile share their parasite fauna (ecto- and endoparasites), we examined parasites of 27 Shiny Cowbirds, Molothrus bonariensis, and 28 Austral Blackbirds, Curaeus curaeus, including individuals captured in the wild and carcasses. We found that Shiny Cowbirds were infected with the chewing lice Brueelia bonariensis, Philopterus sp. 1, the feather mites Amerodectes molothrus, Proctophyllodes spp. (species 1 and 2), and the helminths Mediorhynchus papillosus, Plagiorhynchus sp., Dispharynx nasuta and Tetrameres paucispina, while Austral Blackbirds had the chewing lice Myrsidea sp., Philopterus sp. 2, the feather mites Proctophyllodes sp. 3, Amerodectes sp., and three helminths: Anonchotaenia sp., Capillaria sp. and M. papillosus. The flea Dasypsyllus (Neornipsyllus) cteniopus was found only on the Austral Blackbird. The only parasite species shared by both icterids was the acanthocephalan M. papillosus, possibly due to their feeding on the same intermediate insect hosts. With the exception of B. bonariensis and Philopterus sp. 1 found on the Shiny Cowbird, all species reported in this study represent new parasite-host associations and new records of parasite diversity in Chile.

Resumo Um total de trinta carcaças do tordo-austral Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) foi encaminhado ao Departamento de Ciência Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, para ser examinado quanto a presença de parasitas externos e internos. Parasitas externos foram encontrados em 20% (6/30) dos tordos inspecionados e identificados como Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera), e Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Parasitas internos foram identificados em 26,6% (8/30) dos espécimes examinados como Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula sensu Schrank, 1788 (Cestoda) e Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). Tanto quanto é do nosso conhecimento, todos os parasitas internos coletados neste estudo pertencem a novos registros em T. falcklandii e com expansão de sua distribuição para o Chile.

Abstract A total of thirty Austral thrushes Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 (Turdidae) carcasses were brought to the Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, to be examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Ectoparasites were found on 20% (6/30) of the thrushes and belonged to species Brueelia magellanica Cichino, 1986 (Phthiraptera), Menacanthus eurysternus Burmeister, 1838 (Phthiraptera) and Tyrannidectes falcklandicus Mironov & González-Acuña, 2011 (Acari). Endoparasites were isolated from 26.6% (8/30) of the birds and identified as Lueheia inscripta Westrumb, 1821 (Acanthocephala), Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus Goeze, 1782 (Acanthocephala), Wardium sp. sensu Mayhew, 1925 (Cestoda), Dilepis undula (Cestoda) Schrank, 1788, and Zonorchis sp. (sensu Travassos, 1944) (Trematoda). To our knowledge, all endoparasites collected in this study are new records in T. falcklandii and expand their distributional range to Chile.

Resumo No Chile, informações sobre parasitas associados a aves de rapina diurnas são escassas. Entre os anos 2006 e 2017, um total de 15 espécimes do Falcão Variável Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) mortos, foram examinados, 14 deles provenientes de diferentes localidades da região do Biobío e um espécime na região de Valparaíso. Um exame externo da plumagem foi feito para coletar os ectoparasitas e necropsias do tracto gastrointestinal para coleta de endoparasitas. Cinco aves (33,3%) foram positivas para três espécies de piolhos (Phthiraptera): 97 espécimes de Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), seis espécimes de Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 e nove espécimes não identificados do gênero Craspedorrhynchus Keler, 1938. Endoparasitas foram encontrados em três aves (20%), incluindo vermes redondos (Nematoda) do gênero Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, e vermes achatados (Acanthocephala) do gênero Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911. As espécies Colpocephalum turbinatum e os dos gêneros Craspedorrhynchus, Centrorhynchus e Procyrnea corresponderam a novos registros para o Falcão Variável.

Abstract Information about parasites associated with diurnal raptors from Chile is scarce. Between 2006 and 2017, a total of 15 specimens of the Variable hawk, Geranoaetus polyosoma (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) were collected, 14 of them from different localities in the Biobío region and one specimen from the Valparaíso region. An external examination of the plumage was made to collect ectoparasites, and necropsies were performed, focusing primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Chewing lice (Phthiraptera) were found on five (33.3%) of the birds corresponding to three species: 97 specimens of Degeeriella fulva (Giebel, 1874), six specimens of Colpocephalum turbinatum Denny, 1842 and nine belonging to an unidentified species of the genus Craspedorrhynchus Kéler, 1938. Endoparasites found in three (20%) of the birds included round worms (Nematoda) of the genus Procyrnea Chabaud, 1958, and spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) of the genus Centrorhynchus Lühe, 1911. The species Colpocephalum turbinatum and the genera: Craspedorrhynchus sp., Procyrnea sp. and Centrorhynchus sp. are new records for the Variable hawk.

The aim of this study was to determine the presence of ecto-and endoparasites in a canine population located in a mountainous rural sector of the Valparaíso region of Chile. Thirty canines were subjected to clinical inspection to collect ectoparasites and faeces of the rectum. Faecal samples were analysed using the Burrow’s coproparasitic technique and the SNAP® Giardia Test (IDEXX). Results showed that 73% of canines had endoparasites by the coproparasitic technique. The helminths Toxocara canis (40%), Strongyloides stercoralis (17%), Dipylidium caninum (17%), Uncinaria stenocephala (13%), Ancylostoma caninum (7%) Trichuris vulpis (3%), and the protozoa Isospora sp (13%), Sarcocystis sp (3%), Entamoeba coli (3%) and Blastocystis sp (3%). The prevalence of Giardia sp was 17%, but it was 27% by the SNAP® Giardia (p=0.0004). Ticks were found in 25 canines (83%), identifying the species Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Amblyomma tigrinum. Likewise, 10 dogs (33%) presented fleas, identifying the species Ctenocephalides felis felis, Ctenocephalides canis and Pulex irritans.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la presencia de ecto y endoparásitos en una población canina ubicada en un sector rural montañoso de la región de Valparaíso, Chile. Treinta caninos fueron sometidos a inspección clínica para recolectar ectoparásitos y heces del recto. Las muestras de heces fueron analizadas mediante la técnica coproparasitaria de Burrows y el Test SNAP® Giardia (IDEXX). El 73% de los caninos presentaron endoparasitismo a la técnica coproparasitaria. Se identificaron los helmintos Toxocara canis (40%), Strongyloides stercoralis (17%), Dipylidium caninum (17%), Uncinaria stenocephala (13%), Ancylostoma caninum (7%) Trichuris vulpis (3%), y los protozoos Isospora sp (13%), Sarcocystis sp (3%), Entamoeba coli (3%) y Blastocystis sp (3%). La prevalencia de Giardia sp fue de 17%, pero mediante el SNAP® Giardia fue de 27% (p=0.0004). Se encontraron garrapatas en 25 caninos (83%), identificándose las especies Rhipicephalus sanguineus y Amblyomma tigrinum. Así mismo, 10 caninos (33%) presentaron pulgas, identificándose las especies Ctenocephalides felis felis, Ctenocephalides canis y Pulex irritans.

Resumo Com o objetivo de identificar a fauna parasitária do saracura-do-banhado, Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Aves: Rallidae) no Chile, 26 carcaças foram necropsiadas. O presente estudo revelou a presença de 14 espécies de parasitos (índice Simpson inverso = 4,64; equitatividade = 0,332), incluindo os ácaros de penas: Analloptes megnini, Grallobia sp., Grallolichus sp., Megniniella sp. e Metanalges sp.; os piolhos de penas Pseudomenopon meinertzhageni, Rallicola andinus e Fulicoffula sp.; e seis espécies de helmintos gastrointestinais: Heterakis psophiae, Porrocaecum ardeae, Tetrameres sp., Capillaria sp., Diorchis sp. e Plagiorhynchus sp. A riqueza parasitária relativa encontrada pode ser devido às condições altamente favoráveis das zonas úmidas para o desenvolvimento do parasita. Todos os parasitos encontrados, com exceção dos piolhos de pena, são novos registros para o saracura-do-banhado. Um checklist dos parasitos do saracura-do-banhado é apresentado.

Abstract With the aim to identify the parasite fauna of plumbeous rail, Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Aves: Rallidae) in Chile, 26 carcasses were parasitologically necropsied. The present study revealed the presence of 14 species of parasites (inverse Simpson index = 4.64; evenness = 0.332), including ectoparasites: feather mites: Analloptes megnini , Grallobia sp., Grallolichus sp., Megniniella sp., and Metanalges sp.; the feather lice Pseudomenopon meinertzhageni, Rallicola andinus, and Fulicoffula sp.; and six species of gastrointestinal helminths: Heterakis psophiae, Porrocaecum ardeae, Tetrameres sp., Capillaria sp., Diorchis sp., and Plagiorhynchus sp. The relatively high parasite richness that was found could be attributed to the highly favorable conditions of wetlands for parasite development. All parasites found, except feather lice, are new records for plumbeous rail. A checklist of parasites for plumbeous rail is presented.

The parrots (Birds: Psitacidae), besides being one of the pets of greater increase in Chile in recent years, are important reservoirs of pathogens, including the zoonotic bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci. The objective of the study was to detect the presence of serum antibodies against C. psittaci in 30 parrots from three private breeding sites in the Biobío Region, through the detection of IgG antibodies by a commercial ELSA kit (ELISA InmunoComb®). Three adult parrots (3/24) were seropositive (10% prevalence) and none of the juveniles (0/6). The positive psitacids corresponded to an austral parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus), a slender-billed parakeet (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) and an Amazon parrot (Amazonas pretrei), all from the same hatchery. The first two species are native species of Chile.

Los loros (Aves: Psitacidae), además de ser una de las mascotas de mayor incremento en Chile en los últimos años, constituyen importantes reservorios de patógenos, incluída la bacteria zoonótica Chlamydophila psittaci. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la presencia de anticuerpos séricos contra C. psittaci en 30 loros provenientes de tres criaderos privados de la región del Biobío, mediante la detección de anticuerpos tipo IgG a través un ELSA comercial (ELISA InmunoComb®). Tres loros adultos (3/24) resultaron seropositivos (10% de prevalencia) y ningún juvenil (0/6). Los psitacidos positivos corespondieron a una cachaña (Enicognathus ferrugineus), un choroy (Enicognathus leptorhynchus) y una amazona (Amazonas pretrei), todos provenientes del mismo criadero. La cachaña y el choroy son especies nativas de Chile.

Resumo Para descrever a comunidade parasitária de coruja-orelhuda Bubo magellanicus (Aves, Strigiformes), foram analisados 19 carcaças das aves do centro do Chile. Os ectoparasitos foram coletados inspecionando-se a plumagem e os endoparasitas extraídos por meio de técnicas tradicionais de necropsia parasitaria. Dezesseis corujas estavam infectadas com pelo menos uma espécie de ectoparasito (84,21%) ou endoparasito (31,58%). Onze de 19 aves (57,89%) abrigavam nas penas ácaros de três espécies: Pandalura cirrata (42,11%), Glaucalges attenuatus (47,37%) e Kramerella sp. (10,53%), enquanto que 16 indivíduos (84,21%) estavam parasitados pelo piolho Strigiphilus chilensis . Apenas seis aves (31,58%) estavam infectadas com helmintos; os nematoides Capillaria tenuissima (26,32%) e Dispharynx nasuta (5,26%); o acantocéfalo Centrorhynchus spinosus (5,26%); e o trematódeo Neodiplostomum sp. (5,26%). Excetuando-se S. chilensis , todos os parasitos incluíam novos registros para B. magellanicus .

Abstract To describe the parasitic community of the Magellanic Horned Owl, Bubo magellanicus (Aves, Strigiformes), 19 carcasses from central Chile were analyzed. Ectoparasites were collected through plumage inspection, while endoparasites were collected through traditional techniques of parasitological necropsy. Sixteen owls were infected with at least one species of ectoparasite (84.21%) or endoparasite (31.58%). Eleven of 19 birds (57.89%) harbored feather mites of the three species Pandalura cirrata (42.11%), Glaucalges attenuatus (47.37%), and Kramerella sp. (10.53%), whereas 16 individuals (84.21%) harbored the chewing louse Strigiphilus chilensis. Only six birds (31.58%) were infected with helminths; the nematodes Capillaria tenuissima (26.32%) and Dispharynx nasuta (5.26%); the acanthocephalan Centrorhynchus spinosus (5.26%); and the trematode Neodiplostomum sp. (5.26%). Apart from S . chilensis, all parasites comprised new records for B . magellanicus.

Resumo Um total de 277 tico-tico Zonotrichia capensis Müller, 1776 (Emberizidae) foram examinados em busca de ectoparasitos. As aves foram capturadas com redes em sete localidades do norte e centro do Chile. Além disso, sete carcaças do centro Chile (Região de Biobío) foram examinadas para avaliar a infecção por endoparasitos. Ectoparasitos foram encontrados em 35,8% (99/277) das aves examinadas com a identificação dos ácaros Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and González-Acuña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae) e Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae), piolho Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera) e carrapatos Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidea) e Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidea). Duas das sete carcaças examinadas foram infectadas com o Acantocephala Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). Para o nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo para descrever P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum e M. papillosus em Z. capensis e expande a distribuição de T. capensis ao Chile.

Abstract A total of 277 rufous-collared sparrows, Zonotrichia capensis Müller, 1776 (Emberizidae), were examined for external parasites. The birds were captured using mist nets in seven locations in northern and central Chile. Additionally, seven carcasses from central Chile (the Biobío region) were necropsied to evaluate the presence of endoparasite infection. Ectoparasites were found on 35.8% (99/277) of the examined birds and they were represented by the following arthropods: feather mites Amerodectes zonotrichiae Mironov and González-Acuña, 2014 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), Proctophyllodes polyxenus Atyeo and Braasch, 1966 (Analgoidea: Proctophyllodidae), and Trouessartia capensis Berla, 1959 (Analgoidea: Trouessartiidae); a louse Philopterus sp. (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera); and ticks Amblyomma tigrinum Koch, 1844 (Acari: Ixodidae) and Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 (Acari: Ixodidae). Two of the seven necropsied carcasses were infected with the acanthocephalan Mediorhynchus papillosus Van Cleave, 1916 (Gigantorhynchida: Gigantorhynchidae). To our knowledge, this study reports P. polyxenus, Philopterus sp., A. tigrinum, and M. papillosus for the first time for Z. capensis and expands the distributional range for T. capensis to Chile.

Resumo Um total de 97 mergulhões-de-orelha-amarela (Podiceps occipitalis), que morreram devido a um derramamento de óleo na costa do Chile central, foram examinados em busca de parasitos internos e externos. Parasitos externos foram encontrados em 6,2% (6/97) das aves, com a identificação de duas espécies de piolhos: Aquanirmus rollandii (Philopteridae) e Pseudomenopon dolium (Menoponidae). Em 91,7% (89/97) dos casos, os mergulhões apresentaram algum tipo de parasito interno. Foram detectadas três espécies de parasitos gastrointestinais: Eucoleus contortus (Nematoda), Profilicollis bullocki (Acanthocephala) e Confluaria sp. (Cestoda). Além disso, Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda) foi isolado das articulação tibiotársica e tarsometatarsal em 13,4% (13/97) das aves examinados. Estes resultados correspondem ao primeiro relato de A. rollandii, E. contortus e Confluaria sp. associados com P. occipitalis, e expandem a distribuição destes parasitos e P. fulicaeatrae para o Chile.

Abstract A total of 97 southern silvery grebes (Podiceps occipitalis), which died as the result of an oil spill on the coast of central Chile, were examined for ecto- and endoparasites. Two lice species including Aquanirmus rollandii (Philopteridae) and Pseudomenopon dolium (Menoponidae) were found from 6.2% (6/97) of birds. In 91.7% (89/97) of cases, grebes were infected with some kind of helminths. Three species of gastrointestinal helminths were detected: Eucoleus contortus (Nematoda), Profilicollis bullocki (Acanthocephala), and Confluaria sp. (Cestoda). In addition, Pelecitus fulicaeatrae (Nematoda) was removed from the tibiotarsal-tarsometatarsal articulation in 13.4% (13/97) of the specimens examined. To our knowledge, these are the first records of A. rollandii, E. contortus, and Confluaria sp. as parasites of P. occipitalis. In addition, these findings expand the distributional range of A. rollandii, E. contortus, P. fulicaeatrae, and Confluaria sp. to Chile.

Resumo Spinus barbatus (Molina, 1782), apesar de ser uma ave de distribuição rica e extensa no Chile, não existem estudos relacionados com os seus parasitas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo classificar taxonomicamente os parasitas de S. barbatus no Chile central e do sul. Para isso, foram analisados 125 indivíduos capturados com redes de neblina e 22 que foram submetidos a autópsia parasitária. Os parasitas extraídos foram conservados em álcool 70% para um posterior montagem e identificação. Em 56 indivíduos de S. barbatus (38%) foram encontrados ectoparasitas, 48 deles (33%) tinham 870 ácaros, 680 identificados como Proctophyllodes spini, 167 como Knemidokoptes jamaicensis, 19 como Strelkoviacarus critesi, três ácaros pertencentes à tribo Schoengastiini e um Analges passerinus. Em 21 aves (14%) 54 piolhos foram encontrados, 21 dos quais foram identificados como Philopterus roehreri; 18 como Myrsidea serini e 15 como Ricinus carolynae. Não foram encontradas endoparasitas em indivíduos necropsiados. Todos os parasitas encontrados são novos registros para o Chile e, por sua vez novos recordes parasitológicos para a espécie S. barbatus, por isso são novas associações hospedeiro-parasita.

Abstract Despite being a bird with a broad and extensive distribution in Chile, the black-chinned siskin, Spinus barbatus Molina, 1782 is not well studied in relation to its parasites. This paper aims to describe the ectoparasite fauna of S. barbatus in central and southern Chile. A total of 125 individuals caught with mist nets were examined alive; a total of 22 parasites were found dead and were exposed to parasit autopsy. The extracted parasites were preserved in 70% alcohol for subsequent mounting and identification. Ectoparasites were found in 56 black-chinned siskins (38%); 48 of them (33%) had 870 mites – 680 feather mites (Astigmata: Analgoidea) were identified as Proctophyllodes spini, 167 as Knemidokoptes jamaicensis, 19 as Strelkoviacarus critesi, and one as Analges passerinus. Moreover, three mites were chiggers belonging to the tribe Schoengastiini (Prostigmata: Trombiculidae). In 21 birds (14%), 54 lice were found, 21 of which were identified as Philopterus roehreri, 18 as Myrsidea serini, and 15 as Ricinus carolynae. Endoparasites were not found in the necropsied individuals. All of the parasites that were found represent new records for Chile, and they also serve as new records of host–parasite associations for S. barbatus.

Between the summer 2002 and 2005 was evaluated the richness and abundance of birds associated to the Carriel Sur Airport of Talcahuano and was estimated the collision risk representing each species for air navigation. Birds were counted in 10 count points distributed in different habitats around the landing runways. The collision risk was estimated by the Avian Hazard Index (AHI) which combines size, abundance and history of collisions of each species. During the study period 63 species were recorded, plus 10 aditional species were recorded after summer 2005. The most abundant species were the Grassland Yellow-Finch, Kelp Gull, Southern Lapwing Long-tailed Meadowlark (28%, 14%, 10%, 8% of all individual records). Excepting Kelp Gull, all remaining species exhibited seasonal cycles of abundance. The Kelp Gull showed multiyear outbreaks triggered. The species representing a higher collision risk for air navigation are the Kelp Gull (API = 36), Southern Lapwing (AHI = 24), South American Tern (AHI = 16), Black Vulture (AHI = 12), Neotropic Cormorant (AHI = 9) and Chimango Caracara (AHI = 8). However, the each species’ AHI varied temporally from very high to very low values according to changes in abundance. This study reflects the need for long-term assessments of changes in population size of bird species to better approximate the risk of bird-aircraft collisions.

Entre el verano de 2002 y 2005 se evaluó la riqueza y abundancia de aves asociadas al Aeropuerto Carriel Sur de Talcahuano y se estimó el riesgo de colisión que representaría cada especie para la aeronavegación. Las aves fueron contabilizadas en 10 puntos de conteos distribuidos en distintos hábitats alrededor del las pistas de aterrizaje. El riesgo de colisión fue estimado mediante el índice de peligro aviario (IPA) el cual combina tamaño, abundancia e historial de colisiones de cada especie. Durante el periodo de estudio se registraron 63 especies, mas 10 especies que fueron registradas después del verano de 2005. Las especies más abundantes fueron el chirigüe, la gaviota dominicana, el queltehue y la loica (28%, 14%, 10%, 8% del total de registros individuales). Con excepción de la gaviota dominicana, todas las especies exhibieron ciclos estacionales de abundancia. La gaviota dominicana mostró irrupciones multianuales aparentemente por factores ambientales no bien determinados. Las especies que representarían un mayor riesgo de colisión para la aeronavegación son la gaviota dominicana (IPA = 36), el queltehue (IPA = 24), el gaviotín sudamericano (IPA = 16), el jote de cabeza negra (IPA = 12), el yeco (IPA = 9) y el tiuque (IPA = 8). Sin embargo, el IPA de cada especie varió temporalmente desde valores muy altos a valores muy bajos según los cambios de abundancia. Este estudio refleja la necesidad de evaluaciones de largo plazo de los cambios en el tamaño poblacional de especies de aves para una mejor aproximación del riesgo de colisiones aves-aeronaves.

The Atacama Dune Sea is located northwest of Copiapó (27 ° S) and covers an area of 335 km², constituting an "erg" whose morphology is very complex due to the influence of underlying valley and hill topography. The natural space environment corresponds to Caldera's marine terraces and inclined planes covered by aeolian mantles where desert blooms occur. The entire territory is part of the Atac-ama's geo-heritage, whose natural and scientific value is increased by the existent fog vegetation. Using satellite imagery and field surveys, we determined the spatial distribution of the blooming desert phenomenon and fog vegetation present in the Dune Sea area. Our results, in conjunction with the cartography generated, constitute a useful and necessary scientific basis for land use planning in this invaluable territory.

El Mar de Dunas de Atacama, situado al noroeste de Copiapó 27°S, cubre una superficie de 335 kilómetros cuadrados constituyendo un "erg" cuya morfología es muy compleja por la influencia topográfica de valles y cerros subyacentes. El espacio natural circundante corresponde a las terrazas marinas de Caldera y a planos inclinados cubiertos por mantos eólicos donde ocurre la floración del desierto. El territorio en conjunto es parte del geopatrimonio de Atacama, cuyo valor científico y natural se incrementa también por la vegetación de niebla existente. Utilizando imágenes satelitales y levantamientos de terreno, se determinó la distribución espacial del fenómeno del desierto florido y de la vegetación de niebla en el territorio próximo al Mar de Dunas. Los resultados junto a la cartografía generada, constituyen una base científica necesaria para las propuestas de ordenación territorial de dicho espacio.